Would that fit in Epicurean Cosmology ?
Big bang and big bounce / crunch was more the Stoic view or ?
And that the void is not complete empty but has energy and quantum fluktuation. Otherwise the idea that even void or space consists of a kind of particle or is quantized and not unlimited divisible and that the most of the cosmos is not much beneficial / providental to life fits more to Epicurean worldview.
Also that many cosmoi can exist develop.
Why should someone hold pleasure for evil ?
Maybe that philosphers confuse pleasure and their consequences which sometimes can be painful / harmful.
Such consequences would eveyone try to avoid for whom pleasure is the highest good.
Attacks against this insight are mostly
1. Pleasure is fleeting
and
2. There is bad Pleasure.
What defenses would you see ?
The defense of the 1. is that yes everything is fleeting, so life is fleeting ( even virtue ) but there are the more stable forms of Pleasure like Ataraxia/ tranquility.
For the 2. there Epicurus divides Pleasure and their bad consequences.
How defensable is that?
Bad Pleasures could be addictions or laziness, sadism, masochism.
Take your time, for me it is as you say one of the most important subject to distinguish Epicureanism vs the other ancient schools especially Stoicism which I followed in the past.
Quality first 👍
In addition, it is precisely on this topic that the harshest criticism of Epicureanism is voiced. For example the critics say that where Virtue is instrumental for Pleasure, this Virtue wouldn't be Virtue at all or only a weak form of it and Pleasure enslaved.
( Often the divison of Pleasure of Body and Mind is not considered, for Peace of Mind/Tranquility it often makes sense to not pursue bodily Pleasures, and for the subject of bad consequences of things which bring Pleasure like addiction, Epicurus has his answers like sober reasoning, hedonic calculus, what brings more pain than pleasure should be avoided….)
The Stoics accept only a perfected rational joy(chara). But even this they would not see as the end of the happy life but Virtue (Maybe because you can get to a form of Tranquility with ignorance and in running from challenges/duties ( another critic), but this is not suadtainable/honorable/just/prudent(defense).
A perfect Peace of Mind is only available for a perfect Sage and with Virtue (The Stoics say) ( maybe an unlimited desire for limitless self improvement ? )
Very exciting for me 👍
The Stoics who I challenge to convince me that Virtue is the only good point always to Platos Socrates Euthydemus( maybe the points which there are mentioned could be challenged):
- Virtue is in our power Pleasure/ Tranquility depends on Externals (only true for bodily Pleasure, not so much for Mental Pleasure I think, that is an „Internal“ or ?)
-Without Virtue nothing is good
-Only with Virtue things can be used useful
Another point:
Ataraxia is Peace of mind, confidence, fearlessness etc ….
But ok I can have peace of mind / tranquility in ignoring troubling facts, taking tranquilizers or ( with virtue ) fulfilling your values, duties, confronting uncomfortable things/ situations.
The Epicureans are often accused of the first. (Defense: you need to live wise, ->honourable<-, justly to live pleasurable)
I thought a little further about desire and the natural/necessary desires.
- Yes unfulfilled desires are/causes pain
- The faculty of pain/pleasure is there to guide us to fulfill these desires and gives pleasure when it is followed
- Without desire and the pleasure in fulfilling and pain in not fulfilling, life would vanish.
=> Our whole body exists for that, we have arms, legs, stomachs, organs, brain etc. which we would not need if we have no need for searching for food/drink/security. Like a stork, often seen as a divine animal but all it organs are selected/adapted / evolved for efficient survival in swamps.
It would be like in Christianity the thoughts about "heaven". If you have no needs/desires/motives for what do you need a body ? A house ? A city ? What are you doing ?
We would be empty roboters but with no function because a function has only meaning and evolved when fulfilling a purpose, a telos.
Yes the natural / necessary desires are of the highest value. Wirhout them life declines like in a depression
Often these desires are shortened as desires for the stomach, a prejudice from Cicero/Stoics/Platonists which say „ we desire perfect knowledge and harmony wirh the cosmos, you Epicureans only to get your stomach full…“
But the core embraced desires include
- Body / health (Aponia)
- Life/ Security (Life means more than having a healthy body, sometimes we have to sacrifice health or choose pain for living )
- Happiness /Eudaimonia/Ataraxia
( which means more than simply to live, you can live a miserable life with an troubled frustrated mind and sometimes we limit/ sacrifice our life or parts for our values, like in extremes dying for a friend/ love/community / or our dignity )
So natural/necessary desires include a whole set of personal values and Emotions imo and how I understand the letter of menoceus.
Hi I found an article which supports the Epicurean view of anger as taught by Philodemus and speaks out against the view of the Stoics (although unfortunately only Aristotle's philosophy is mentioned in passing as more realistic, I think Epicurean themes are unfortunately still too unknown in some circles):
Stoics in Need of Anger Management | Issue 163 | Philosophy Now
Inside the necessary / natural desires there could be the level from top to bottom ( just my idea/ proposal):
1. Desires for happines ( eudaimonia )
2. Desires for Life
3. Desires for body/health
But like Maslow maybe a hierarchy would be not so realistic.
For example I could sacrifice 3 (health) for 2. ( living ) in cutting a part of the body or toxicate me to live better.
And 2( living ) don‘t mean a happy life (1), so it can make sense to limit „life“ for happiness, in the extreme case in dying for a friend/ loved person so that you fulfill stage 1 but not 2 and 3 but to get to 1 you need a body (1) and a life (2) in the first place 😉
I don't know if it fits here, but I would also be interested in the views on the Stoic paradoxes and Cicero's defense of them
For example "Virtue is the only good", all virtue is equal and all vice, (here are interesting contradictions for example Marcus Aurelius says no one can harm him only vice can do and vice is bad and it is rational to feel bad only about vice and virtue is the only good so it is only good to feel good about virtue ( chara, joy ), so the Stoic Sage feels joy but every Non-Sage (like Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, Seneca and everyone + every Stoic prokopton ) is maximised harmed already because they are in a vicious state and it is right to feel bad about it .... )
Discussed here:
https://howtobeastoic.wordpress.com/2018/04/13/sto…sm-and-remorse/.
)
What would an Epicurean critic of these and the other paradoxes would look like?
To make it basic, how would you all label these pleasures with:
-kinetik, kastatematic
- rational/ or active produced( awareness, reflection, gratitude…) , nonrational/ or passive from body produced
-Aponia/ Ataraxia
->
1. Hungry: Pain
2. Eat: Pleasure
? Kinetic( temporary), nonrational/ (bodily pleasure)
3. Full/Not hungry: Pleasure
? Katastematic (static), bodily, Aponia
4. Reasonable Hope to get full in future:
Pleasure, Katastematic, rational joy (mind), Ataraxia ?
5. Gratitude for ability to fulfilling necessary desires in future ( with help of virtue, friends/community):
Pleasure, Katastematic, rational joy (mind), Ataraxia ?
Have I forgotten something?
Your thoughts?
I have nowadays very limited time for gaming so I searched for the best games in rpg where own decisions can change the game story ( Because I am interested in philosophy and how to make hard decisions and how the developers include moral in the games ) :
In short my favourite games ( sorry not free but cheap for the time you can enjoy it and it is from 2015) is the witcher 3 and in general the games from cd project red and they have great atmosphere and music and and and 😀.
They explicitly make games with good storys for adults ( oh how mind blowing is Cyperpunk 2077 ( thoughts about transhumanism, future of life, greed for eternal life and worth of life ….)) 🤗
Display MoreWhy does Epicurus consider the absence of pain to be pleasure?
When pain is absent from the body, the appreciation of that experience is mentally enjoyable.
***
And here is a full list of pleasures:
- enjoyable and pleasant bodily sensations (sights, sounds, tastes, touch, smell, etc.)
- the cessation of pain in the body (when pain is no longer present) (pain = sharp, piercing, burning, stinging, throbing, heavy)
- awareness that the body is healthy (no pain present)
- enjoyable and pleasant mental feelings and thoughts (joy, clarity, calm, strength, gratitude)
- the cessation of unpleasant emotions (fear, worry, anxiety)
- awareness of a clear mind free from unpleasant emotions (fear, worry, anxiety)
A good list about Pleasures.
One question:
I see they some include/not include awareness/ attention / appreciation, so there is an active / virtuous activity to feel these pleasures.
Are they then all kinetic pleasures ?
Or what is when I am not aware of the absence of pain, is the absence of pain than a static ( kastatematic) pleasure ?
Or is this a false categorizing ?
Do I need a constant/active awareness for pleasure?
Is there such a thing as nonrational and rational pleasure?
As the 1. comes automatic from the body like eating tasteful, the 2. from eg. Gratefulness/ appreciation ?
What is perhaps missing (Cicero/Cyrenaics/many peoples opinion):
What speaks against the idea that intense sensual pleasures go beyond the limit of absence of pain? (my ideas: short-livedness, negative consequences of maintaining these pleasures e.g. numbness, hedonic treadmill, costs, ungratefulness, harming friendships and other values ( which are in core Pleasure) ...)
Your thoughts ?
Yes there is a Volume 1 it is about other topics,: language, medicine and metereology
Hello everyone, I became aware of this new work on "Academia". In it you can find deeper connections between ethics and epistemology from Epicurus' philosophy. I'm currently still reading it and have discovered very new, refreshing texts/topics. I just wanted to share it with you 
That is the link:
If you are logged in it is for free.
It is too big to attach it (3 MB ).
Cassius I know Alex O'Conner from past videos on youtube.
His ethical ideas are very Epicurean-> It is all about Pleasure/ Pain (I saw a video with Peter Singer in which he repeatedly emphasized that it was all about pleasure / pain ).
His metaphysics is / was a strong determinism => no free will.
For me it is important that I can make decision and am a agent. Because I see what direction wise and not so wise decisions can lead and that the world is more complex and creates steadily new causes thant the abstract words "cause/effect" let assume.
Searching on youtube the mainstreams says we have no "free will" (what depends on definition). Here is defense but I know this can be an endless debate:
Seems so that in religions and some more idealistic philosophys there is sometimes some hedonophobia.
For example for some Stoics pursueing Pleasure was seen as a vice, i read it often but have now not a good example. Here is some from Seneca, what makes me wonder because in other letters he appreciates Epicurean teachings :
Don, thanks. Another prejudice is that Epicureans friendship means to them to isolate with only some few friends from society.
But I understand friendship (Philia) in Epicureanism as a attitude / virtue like also Aristotles defines it.
And it is a form of love. That would challenge Senecas quote where he mentions that the Stoic school is the most kind:
